A Homeowners Guide to Resin Bound Driveways

What are the Benefits of Resin Bound Driveways?

Resin driveways offer a durable, low-maintenance, and eco-friendly paving solution with customisable aesthetics due to various aggregate options, UV stability, and superior water permeability, making them an ideal choice for both aesthetic appeal and functional longevity.

Attractive appearance and different aggregate types

Resin bound driveway offers a variety of design and aesthetic options. Aggregates (stones) range from under a millimetre to 10mm, however most people choose a mid-size aggregate or combination of 2 aggregates of 2 or more grades that are different sizes (2-5mm and 1-3mm). Ultimately, the choice is yours and will be determined by personal preference and the design of the driveway you’re trying to achieve. There are hundreds of different aggregates you can choose from and whilst the most common choice is stone, the aggregate is not limited to stone alone. You could in theory mix any type of custom aggregate as your top layer, in fact most resin driveways will have a mix of crushed glass incorporated into the aggregate to ensure a non-slip surface.

Highly durable and long-lasting if properly maintained

Resin driveways are highly durable. 8 key factors contribute to the durability of resin driveways.

1. Material composition of resin bound driveways
   Resin driveways are composed of a mixture of clear resin and aggregates (such as gravel, quartz, marble or granite, together with crushed glass that adds a non-slip property). The resin binds the aggregates together, creating a stable, solid surface that is more durable than loose gravel and less prone to cracking compared to concrete or asphalt.
2. Resin has a degree of flexibility
   The resin material has a degree of flexibility, which allows it to withstand minor movements in the base material (such as slight shifts from loads applied or settling) without cracking. This flexibility also helps it resist damage from heavy loads and traffic - ideal for vehicle use.
3. UV resistance of the resin
   High-quality resin used in resin bound driveways is typically UV stabilised. This means it is resistant to the degrading effects of sunlight, which helps prevent fading but more critically it maintains the integrity of the resin over time.
4. Resin driveways are permeable
   The permeable nature of resin bound driveways allows water to pass through the surface to the ground beneath. This reduces the risk of water pooling and freezing, which can lead to surface cracking in non-permeable driveways during freeze-thaw cycles.
5. Improved weed resistance to other common driveway options
   The solid surface of a resin driveway leaves little room for weeds to grow through, unlike gravel or block paving, where spaces between the stones can become hotspots for weeds.
6. Resin driveways are low maintenance
   Resin driveways do not require re-sanding or frequent repairs, which are common with block paving. They are easy to clean, usually needing only occasional sweeping and washing down to remove debris and stains.
7. Chemical resistance
   The surface is resistant to oils and other automotive fluids, which can degrade asphalt driveways.
8. Resin driveways are load bearing
   When installed correctly with a suitable sub-base, resin driveways can handle the load of multiple vehicles, making them suitable for both domestic driveways and commercial parking areas.

The lifespan of a resin driveway typically ranges between 15 and 20 years, depending on factors like installation quality, the type of resin and aggregate used, and the level of maintenance it receives. Proper installation by experienced professionals is crucial to maximise the durability and lifespan of a resin driveway. A further benefit adding to their durability is the ease of which the resin aggregate can be replaced. Unlike asphalt, concrete or tarmac driveways, it is possible to remove the top layer of resin bound aggregate without damaging the sub base. This offers a low cost method of replacing the resin aggregate to refresh its appearance easily.

Resin driveways are permeable

Resin driveways are water-permeable, which reduces puddles and ice in winter. The permeable nature of resin bound driveways allows water to pass through the surface to the ground beneath. This reduces the risk of water pooling and freezing, which can lead to surface cracking in non-permeable driveways during freeze-thaw cycles.

Permeability is important for new driveway construction in the UK when replacing a front garden. Since 1 October 2008, changes to permitted development rights require homeowners to consider the environmental impact when paving their front gardens. No planning permission is needed for any size new or replacement driveway if it uses permeable materials like gravel, permeable concrete block paving, or porous asphalt, or if rainwater can drain naturally into a lawn or border. However, if you plan to cover more than five square metres with impermeable materials without proper drainage to a permeable area, you will need planning permission. This process involves submitting a scaled plan, filling out an application form, and paying a £150 fee. Planning decisions for these developments are typically made within 8 weeks of submission.

Resin driveways are low maintenance 

Resin bound driveways offer 6 low-maintenance advantages over other types of driveways such as asphalt, loose chippings, grass or block paving.

• No weeds. The seamless surface prevents weed growth, reducing the need for weeding and herbicides.
• Stain resistance. Its non-porous nature means substances like oil and fuel can't penetrate, making spills easy to clean with soap and water.
• Reduced puddles. The permeable material prevents water accumulation, which diminishes puddle and ice formation, lowering the need for frequent cleaning and reducing slip hazards.
• No loose stones. Stones are securely bound in resin, eliminating the need for regular surface replenishment.
• UV stability. The UV-resistant resin maintains the driveway's colour and integrity, minimising the need for repairs due to sun damage.
• Easy to clean. Maintenance typically involves only occasional sweeping and an annual wash, keeping the driveway looking new with minimal effort.

Resin driveways are typically UV Stability

Resin bound driveways are noted for their UV stability, which is a significant factor contributing to their durability and visual appeal over time. Here’s how they achieve this stability.

UV-Stabilised Resin Driveways

The key to a resin driveway's UV stability is the use of a resin that is specifically formulated to resist the effects of ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. UV-stabilised resins are chemically engineered to not break down or degrade when exposed to sunlight. This is crucial because UV radiation can cause non-stabilized resins to become brittle and discoloured over time. The UV-stabilised resin also helps maintain the colour and appearance of the aggregate mixed into the driveway. By preventing the resin from yellowing or becoming cloudy, the original colour and brightness of the aggregate continue to show through clearly, even after many years of exposure to sunlight. Conversely driveway aggregate where it is bound with resin that isn’t UV-stabilised will often become yellowish in colour over the short-term in as little as 12 months.

Resin bound driveways are eco-friendly

Resin bound driveways are eco-friendly due to a combination of features such as enabling better water management, reducing heat retention, using sustainable materials, and requiring less maintenance, resin bound driveways can significantly decrease the environmental impact associated with residential or commercial paving. It makes them an appealing choice for environmentally conscious property owners. 

How do you clean a resin driveway and what discolours it?

Aside from UV radiation, several other factors can lead to the discoloration of a resin driveway. Understanding these factors can help in maintaining the appearance and longevity of the driveway. Here are some common causes of discoloration, how to avoid them and where it has already become a problem - how to clean a resin driveway.

What causes discoloration of a resin driveway?

7 Key factors contribute to resin driveway discolouration. Here’s an explanation of each.

Unclean Aggregate 

If the aggregate used in the resin mix is not properly washed and dried before application, it can retain dust and small particles that might react with the resin or retain moisture. This can lead to patchy discoloration once the driveway is set.

Chemical Spills

Whilst resin bound aggregate has some resistance to chemical spills, chemical substances like oil, petrol, brake fluid, and strong cleaning agents can stain or otherwise discolour the resin surface if not cleaned up quickly.

Organic Material

Leaves, petals and other organic materials can decompose on the surface of the driveway, releasing tannins and other natural chemicals that can stain the resin. Ensure you remove all organic material promptly and immediately wash off with warm soapy water urine or faeces from dogs, foxes, pigeons and other wild animals.

Poor Quality Resin

Using low-quality resin might also lead to discolouration. Cheaper or improperly formulated resins may not be fully UV stabilised and can degrade or yellow over time when exposed to sunlight.  If you notice discolouration of your new resin driveway contact your installer urgently to remedy the problem whilst it's still under guarantee.

Waterlogging

Although resin driveways are permeable, improper installation or blocked drainage can lead to waterlogging. Standing water can sometimes lead to a white discoloration or blooming, particularly if the water is contaminated with minerals or other substances. If you notice pooling on your new resin driveway contact your installer urgently to remedy the problem whilst it's still under guarantee.

Rust

Metal objects left on the surface of the driveway, like bicycles, tools, car components, metal patio furniture or even fertiliser spills containing iron can rust. Rain run-off can then cause the rust to leach into the resin, staining it. Cleaning agents specifically formulated for cleaning resin such as “Rust-Off” is an easy to use non acidic gel cleaner specifically developed to safely remove iron oxide stains from resin bound paving material. 

Rubber Marks

Tyres from bikes or cars can sometimes leave skid marks or other rubber stains on the surface, especially in hot weather when the resin might soften slightly. To minimise these risks and maintain the colour and appearance of a resin driveway, it’s important to perform clean these. To remove tyre marks from your resin driveway, start by wiping them with white spirit. For more severe marks, pre-treat the area with a mild household detergent. Immediately afterwards, rinse thoroughly using a pressure washer (jet washer) with a fan-type lance.

How do I clean a resin driveway? 

Resin driveways are moderately easy to clean. Here’s our top tips.

Sweep your resin driveway regularly

Complete a quick weekly check of your resin driveway and if you notice any leaves, petals or litter, remove this by taking a stiff broom and sweeping it. Ensure you collect and dispose of any detritus so that it doesn’t simply blow back onto your driveway.

Use weedkiller to minimise weed growth

Annually apply a high quality weed killer or moss remover formulated for resin driveways such as “Moss off” or “Q-Clear”. Inhibiting the growth of grass and weeds, or moss and algae for northerly facing drives is an easier solution than deep cleaning your resin driveway to remove them after they’re established. If your resin driveway already has moss or weeds then follow this recommendation:

1. Use a stiff brush to remove the majority of the organic material.
2. Use a high powered jet washer to dislodge any residual organic material.
3. Let the driveway dry.
4. Use a stiff brush again to sweep the remaining organic material off the driveway.
5. Use a high powered rotating circular cleaning attachment for your jet washer. If your driveway has stains from the organic material then use a mild non-biological detergent.
6. Rinse off with water using your jet washer.

Because of the bound nature of the drive, liquids are able to pass through. When cleaning this does mean you’re unable to easily pool water on top of the resin aggregate like you might with a tarmac driveway, and then simply wash the detritus away. For this reason preventative maintenance is less effort than clearing up after the fact.

What are the main disadvantages of Resin Bound Driveways?

Resin bound driveways offer many benefits, but there are also some disadvantages that homeowners should consider before deciding on this type of surface. Here are some potential drawbacks.

1. Cost
   The initial installation cost of a resin bound driveway can be higher than other traditional materials like concrete, asphalt, or plain gravel. This is due to the materials and the labour-intensive process required for proper installation.
2. Professional Installation Required
   Unlike simpler driveway options that might be within the skill set of a DIY enthusiast, resin bound driveways almost always require professional installation. This is because the mixing and laying process must be precisely timed and executed to avoid issues with the finish.
3. Temperature Sensitivity
   The resin can be sensitive to extreme temperatures. In very hot conditions, the surface may become soft, and in freezing temperatures, it could potentially crack if the sub-base is not well-prepared or if the resin quality is not suitable for cold climates.
4. Limited Patch-Repair Options
   While it's possible to patch-repair a resin bound driveway, matching the original material can be challenging. Any repair work needs to be carried out by professionals, which can add to the overall maintenance cost.
5. Colour Inconsistency
   Since the material is made from natural aggregate and resin, there can sometimes be slight colour variations in the material, which might not be apparent until after installation. This can be a concern for homeowners looking for a consistent appearance.
6. Drainage Issues
   Although resin bound driveways are permeable, improper installation can lead to inadequate drainage. This can happen if the base is not prepared correctly or if the resin doesn't set as expected, potentially leading to puddles and water logging.
7. Durability Concerns
   While generally durable, resin bound surfaces can be prone to damage from heavy vehicles or sharp objects. The surface can scuff under heavy use, especially from turning car tires when stationary.
8. UV Degradation
   Despite being UV stable, over many years, exposure to sunlight can lead to some degree of degradation and colour fading, depending on the quality of the resin used.

What is a MOT Type 1 sub base?

MOT Type 1 aggregate is a crushed limestone that conforms to the requirements of the Ministry of Transport's specification for highway works. It is often produced using materials such as limestone, gritstone, basalt, brick, concrete and hardcore.

What are the steps for getting a new resin bound driveway?

Planning and Design

Know your sub base

Your sub base will be the measure of success for the longevity of your new resin driveway. Don’t be prepared to skimp on it. If you’re intending to use an existing concrete base or lay over existing tarmac inspect this base thoroughly. A poor sub base will diminish the life span of the resin driveway. In an ideal situation you’d excavate the area until you reach undisturbed earth, and then depending on which system you choose to use lay up to 8 further layers before you reach the final resin aggregate layer.

Choosing your aggregate material 

Select aggregates that suit the aesthetics of your home and landscape or your personal preference. Common materials include quartz, granite, and recycled glass. Less common materials include marble.

Consider your design 

Think about the overall design, including edging, borders and patterns. The choice of colour and type of stone can significantly impact the overall look and cost.

Installation Process

1. Base Preparation: The existing driveway is excavated to a suitable depth, usually a minimum of 150mm but typically around 220mm below the finished level. A solid sub-base (typically Type 1 MOT) is then compacted. Upon which a capping layer is compacted. In its simplest build up a layer of 60-80mm asphalt is then compacted on top of this sub base. The last layer is the resin aggregate layer which is laid between 13mm and 18mm depending on the aggregate size and anticipated traffic load.
2. Edging: Edging is installed to contain the resin bound material, ensuring it stays in place and does not crumble at the edges.
3. Mixing Resin and Aggregates: The resin and aggregates are thoroughly mixed in a forced action mixer to ensure even coating.
4. Application: The mixture is cold-applied by pouring and then spreading using a trowel to achieve a smooth surface. The depth usually ranges from 13mm to 18mm, depending on the size of the aggregate and the expected traffic load.
5. Curing: The driveway needs to cure for at least 24 hours before it can bear pedestrian traffic and up to 72 hours for vehicular traffic.

Maintenance and Care

1. Regular cleaning: Sweep the driveway regularly to remove leaves and debris. Pressure washing can be done annually to remove more stubborn dirt.
2. Weed prevention is better than cure: Though resin bound driveways are resistant to weeds, occasional spraying with a weed preventer can help maintain the pristine appearance.
3. Repair: If the surface is damaged, it can be repaired seamlessly by a professional.

Costs and Budgeting

The cost of a resin bound driveway varies from £40-£60 per square metre, depending on the size of the driveway, the sub base required, the type of aggregate used, edging or drainage features and regional factors. It's more expensive than simple gravel but usually more cost-effective than high-end paving stones.

Conclusion

A resin bound driveway can add beauty, functionality and value to your property. Resin bound driveways are popular in the UK due to their aesthetic flexibility, eco-friendly qualities, and superior durability. These driveways offer a versatile, low-maintenance, and long-lasting solution for both residential and commercial properties, featuring a variety of applications from traditional driveways to more creative uses like playgrounds. Despite higher initial costs and the need for professional installation, the benefits of resin bound driveways, such as their UV stability, permeability, and resistance to weeds and stains, make them an excellent investment for property owners seeking a reliable and attractive paving option. By choosing the right materials and following proper installation and maintenance guidelines, your driveway can serve you well for many years.

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